My guess is no. That you did not do permanent damage to the drivers based on the fact that after you turned the volume down after the first few scenes, the rest of the movie you didn't hear any of those "fluttering" or other nasty sounds coming from the speaker (and there is a lot of midbass and low content after that). The drivers were simply getting over worked for those first few scenes and you had enough common sense to turn things down.

I’m armed and I’m drinking. You don’t want to listen to advice from me, amigo.

-Max Payne